The Washington Post published the first detailed account of more than 4,000 pages of court filings unsealed in Bartz v. Anthropic, the class action brought by novelist Andrea Bartz and the nonfiction writers Charles Graeber and Kirk Wallace Johnson. Among them was an internal planning document dated 13 April 2024: “Project Panama is our effort to destructively scan all the books in the world.” A second line in the same document reads: “We don't want it to be known that we are working on this.”
The mechanics were industrial. Anthropic began buying in early 2024 and hired Tom Turvey, who had spent years building the partnerships behind Google Books, to source stock — bulk lots from second-hand dealers, often in batches of tens of thousands, including Better World Books, World of Books and Wonder Book. A vendor proposal in the filings sought capacity to convert between 500,000 and two million books over six months. A hydraulic-powered cutter took the spine off each volume, high-speed production scanners captured the pages, and recycling companies collected the remaining paper. The filings put the spend at tens of millions of dollars within about a year.
Destroying the books is what made it lawful. Judge William Alsup held in June 2025 that scanning a book Anthropic had bought was fair use specifically because the print original was destroyed: “one replaced the other.” Keeping the paper alongside the scan would have meant two copies. The same order found that Anthropic's earlier download of more than seven million pirated books — from Books3, LibGen and the Pirate Library Mirror — was not fair use regardless of what the books were later used for, and that is the part the $1.5 billion settlement covered.
WHY IT MATTERS
The ruling rewards scan-and-destroy over scan-and-preserve and produces no public benefit whatsoever: the resulting corpus is private, and no reader, library or author can search it. Anthropic paid nothing for the legal half of this and $1.5 billion for the illegal half, which is a strange price list — the program that removed millions of physical books from the world was the free one. This story broke in January and drew a second, larger wave of coverage in August when further documents were unsealed; the ruling itself is from June 2025, so the arc runs across three separate news moments.